In Islam, the concept of “hidayah” refers to a gift of assured faith and righteousness bestowed upon followers by God. This "hidayah" is seen to be bestowed to followers if they perform constant acts of worship - including but not limited to; praying 5 times a day, donating to the poor, performing pilgrimage, and reading the Quran.

Qatar is one of the world’s top liquified natural gas (LNG) exporters, supplying 12%-14% of Europe's LNG and having long term supply contracts with EU companies including Britain’s Shell, France’s TotalEnergies, and Italy’s ENI. The EU has recently introduced directives to encourage decarbonisation.

Qatar is increasing investments into LNG, including, but not limited to, developing the North Field (a large LNG field in the Persian Gulf) and building new pipelines including through Syria. 

During the first half of the 20th Century Australia, New Zealand, and the UK were joint administering authorities over Nauru. They exploited Nauru’s phosphate reserves, destroying the island’s environment and depleting supplies, leaving few other viable industries. In 1963, the Australian Government offered to relocate the people of Nauru to Curtis Island, located off the Queensland coast. Australia refused to give Nauru sovereignty over the Island, but promised relative self-governance, Australian citizenship, and to pay for the costs of resettlement (e.g. housing and infrastructure). Nauru declined the resettlement offer. Now, Nauru’s dominant economic sector is processing off-shore migrants for Australia.

Deglobalisation refers to the retreat from global economic and political integration, including but not limited to policies supporting protectionism, regionalisation of trade, restrictions on migration, and national control over technology and data.

The Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF), led by General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF), led by General Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo (Hemedti), have been at war in Sudan since April 2023. Before the conflict began, they collaborated to overthrow former President Omar al-Bashir after his thirty years of dictatorship.

During his reign, Bashir established the Janjaweed, a militia group composed of Arab tribes and herders who engaged in mass displacement, murder, and rape in Darfur. In 2013 the Janjaweed, led by Hemedti, transformed into the RSF and functioned as an imperial guard for Bashir. In 2017 Bashir appointed Burhan as Inspector General of the SAF, Sudan’s official army.

Post Bashir, and a second coup ousting the civilian component of the transitional government, the two military leaders disagreed on the integration of the RSF into the SAF. Both Generals claim they are fighting for democracy, and defending the country from the other’s betrayal, and have committed to resolving this civil war militarily.

For the purpose of this debate, the “presumption of evil” refers to the presumption that everyone is inherently evil to a certain extent, until proven otherwise.

Pegasus is a technology that allows foetuses to be conceived and grown in an external womb, called a pod. Conception occuring in the pod is not guaranteed to succeed. // Corporations provide pod services to prospective parents, storing them in facilities for 9 months after which they are 'born'. The corporations have legal rights over the pod until birth, but parents are allowed to take home the pod for short periods of time.